Hemophilia Summary Essay Example for Free

Hemophilia Summary Essay Background -Hemophilia A is an inherited disorder in which one of the proteins needed to form blood clots is missing or reduced. This lacking protein is known as blood clotting factor 8. Without F8, the blood cannot clot properly to stop bleeding and can result in excessive bleeding or disabilities. Hemophilia A -When blood is not able to clot and allow wounds to heal, this is a result of Hemophilia A Symptoms Include: -Prolonged bleeding from cuts -Excessive nose bleeds -Many large bruisings -1 in 5,000 males are affected Blood Coagulation -Blood coagulation is the defensive process that causes blood to clot and helps prevent excessive blood loss when blood vessels are injured. -Coagulation is a complex process that involves 20 to 30 components, called blood coagulation factors, and a series of complex chemical reactions. -When a blood vessel is injured, platelets in the area of the damage clump together and stick to the edges of the cut to begin the coagulation process. -Platelets are fragments of cells containing clotting factors and play a major role in blood clotting. -These clotting factors help platelets stick together and activate fibrin. (These clotting factors combine with a protein called prothrombin in a reaction that converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen (a protein present in plasma) into long, sticky threads of another protein called fibrin) -The fibrin forms a mesh-like net over the opening and traps red blood cells as they try to leak out of the cut. -As the clot hardens, it forms a protective seal over the cut so that the injury can heal and the vessel wall can be restored. Factor 8 -One specific intrinsic clotting cofactor that stabilizes the fibrin clot is Factor 8. -F8 is activated by thrombin in the presence and is a cofactor in the activation of factor X (WHAT DOES X DO) -Ultimately Factor F8 cross-links fibrin polymers solidifying the clot. -Without this coagulation factor, vessels are not able to heal and therefore result in excessive bleeding (also known as Hemophilia A) Causes of F8 deficiency -Numerous mutations in the gene structure have been discovered. -Genetic abnormalities include genetic deletions of variable size, abnormalities with stop codons, and frame-shift defects. -Data suggest that 45% of severe hemophilia A cases result from an inversion mutation. F8 Gene -the F8 gene is located in the proximal part of chromosome X and is expressed in human liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and a variety of other tissues, -It’s one of the largest genes; it is 186 kilobases (kb) long and has a 9-kb coding region that contains 26 exons and 25 introns. -The shaded green region to a full blue and incomplete red displays that the gene gets transcribed into mRNA but not translated into proteins. Shaded green is the 5 and 3 untranslated regions that are able to bind to something else. -variant (1) consists of 26 exons and encodes the full-length isoform (a) -variant (2) contains an unique 5 exon located within intron 22 of transcript variant 1 Crystal Structure Is composed of a Ca Ion, Cu Ion, Alpha-D-Mannose N-Acetyl-D-Glucoamine. (Find out the importance/functions of these..?) Arrows = beta sheets Coils = alpha helix -how the F8 factor is incorporated / works in the overall protein. -responsible for generating the larger amounts of Xa and thrombin required for clot formation. -Covalent cross-linking of fibrin polymers by activated factor XIII (XIIIa) is required for adequate clot strength and normal wound healing. -How it works: catalyzes a transglutamination reaction that initially cross-links the C-terminal ends of the g chains on adjacent fibrin monomers. Intrinsic / Extrinsic It turns out that you actually need both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in your body. In a test tube, you can form fibrin along either pathway. But in the body, the pathways are intertwined in such a way that if you’re missing something on either the extrinsic or intrinsic side, you won’t be able to clot properly. In our bodies, the thing that kicks off the clotting cascade is tissue factor â€Å"exposure.† Tissue factor is not floating around in the blood normally – or at least, it isn’t normally â€Å"visible† to the blood (it might be in little membrane fragments, but it’s not active until it’s needed). When you need to form a clot, tissue factor appears, and together with factor VIIa (which happens to be just floating around in the blood) it converts factor X to Xa (which then converts prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin). So: clotting initially begins along the extrinsic pathway. The weird thing, though, is that as soon as we make a little Xa, that Xa (along with the aptly-named tissue factor pathway inhibitor) turns off the extrinsic pathway! A little thrombin is formed, though, before the pathway gets turned off – and that thrombin kicks off the intrinsic pathway (the other side of the cascade, with factors VIII and IX). Fibrin formation then proceeds along this pathway until it’s no longer needed. The bottom line is: you need both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to form fibrin in vivo. If you don’t have factors VIII or IX, you can’t utilize the intrinsic pathway – and you’ll have a very hard time forming fibrin! Intrinsic / Extrinsic Include the two different pathways that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Although they are initiated by distinct mechanisms, the two converge on a common pathway that leads to clot formation. Both pathways are complex and involve numerous different proteins termed clotting factors.

E-Commerce In Latin America Essay -- Consumer Markets Business Essays

E-Commerce In Latin America Where Is It Now, Where Is It Going, Who Is Taking It There? In recent years, the media has made much of the growing consumer markets in Latin America. North Americans have to come to understand that much of the health of the U.S. economy is tied to the economic well-being of Latin countries such as Brazil and Mexico. Yet even with our awareness of the market size of our neighbors and awareness of our increasing interdependence, most North Americans consider the emerging Latin American markets to be underdeveloped, backwards, comprised of technologically unprepared people. How accurate is this conception, and specifically, what is the status of the Latin American market for e-commerce? In order to understand any market for the first time, one must answer several basic questions: How large is the market? How fast is it growing? What are the buying patterns in the market? How might they change? When will the market â€Å"take off?† What is blocking or helping market growth? Who is already in the marketplace? Who is likely to enter? This paper outlines the answers to these initial questions, and makes the case that North Americans need to pay attention to emerging Latin ecommerce markets- whether as advertisers, consumers, or trendwatchers. Market Size and Growth Rate As recently as August 1999, the Boston Consulting Group stated that on-line retailing in Latin America will reach $77 million in 1999. This figure represents web sales earned by Latin American based e-tailers. The same report states that an additional $90 million in revenues will be earned by U.S.-based online merchants this year. This results in a total of $167 million in domestic and international ecommerce r... ...n America, I will continue to follow these related trends with increased interest. [1] Emarketer, August 2, 1999, www.emarketer.com/estats/080299_beg.html. [2] Emarketer, June 28, 1999, Is Latin American eCommerce Ready to Take Off?, www.emarketer.com/estats/062899_latam.html. [3] Ibid. [4] eMarketer, Latin American Retail Ecommerce to Reach $160 Million, August 2, 1999, www.emarketer.com/estats/080299_beg.html. [5] Ibid. [6] eMarketer, March 22, 1999, Latin America Gets Fired Up for EC, www.emarketer.com/estats/032299_latin.html. [7] Emarketer, â€Å"Telephone Costs Holding Back Access In Latin America,† September 28, 1998, www.emarketer.com. [8] Ibid. [9] Emarketer, â€Å"UOL,† October 1999, www.emarketer.com. [10] Ibid. [11] â€Å"Building the First Web Brand in Latin America,† From metasearch using keyword â€Å"StarMedia.† [12] Ibid. E-Commerce In Latin America Essay -- Consumer Markets Business Essays E-Commerce In Latin America Where Is It Now, Where Is It Going, Who Is Taking It There? In recent years, the media has made much of the growing consumer markets in Latin America. North Americans have to come to understand that much of the health of the U.S. economy is tied to the economic well-being of Latin countries such as Brazil and Mexico. Yet even with our awareness of the market size of our neighbors and awareness of our increasing interdependence, most North Americans consider the emerging Latin American markets to be underdeveloped, backwards, comprised of technologically unprepared people. How accurate is this conception, and specifically, what is the status of the Latin American market for e-commerce? In order to understand any market for the first time, one must answer several basic questions: How large is the market? How fast is it growing? What are the buying patterns in the market? How might they change? When will the market â€Å"take off?† What is blocking or helping market growth? Who is already in the marketplace? Who is likely to enter? This paper outlines the answers to these initial questions, and makes the case that North Americans need to pay attention to emerging Latin ecommerce markets- whether as advertisers, consumers, or trendwatchers. Market Size and Growth Rate As recently as August 1999, the Boston Consulting Group stated that on-line retailing in Latin America will reach $77 million in 1999. This figure represents web sales earned by Latin American based e-tailers. The same report states that an additional $90 million in revenues will be earned by U.S.-based online merchants this year. This results in a total of $167 million in domestic and international ecommerce r... ...n America, I will continue to follow these related trends with increased interest. [1] Emarketer, August 2, 1999, www.emarketer.com/estats/080299_beg.html. [2] Emarketer, June 28, 1999, Is Latin American eCommerce Ready to Take Off?, www.emarketer.com/estats/062899_latam.html. [3] Ibid. [4] eMarketer, Latin American Retail Ecommerce to Reach $160 Million, August 2, 1999, www.emarketer.com/estats/080299_beg.html. [5] Ibid. [6] eMarketer, March 22, 1999, Latin America Gets Fired Up for EC, www.emarketer.com/estats/032299_latin.html. [7] Emarketer, â€Å"Telephone Costs Holding Back Access In Latin America,† September 28, 1998, www.emarketer.com. [8] Ibid. [9] Emarketer, â€Å"UOL,† October 1999, www.emarketer.com. [10] Ibid. [11] â€Å"Building the First Web Brand in Latin America,† From metasearch using keyword â€Å"StarMedia.† [12] Ibid.

American Poetry Essay

The poetry of Modern period poets contains a proliferation of feelings of isolation and alienation. Among such poets as William Carlos Williams, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Amy Lowell, isolation and alienation are experienced as failed love, unrequited love, or love that never surpasses the sexual or imaginative stage. In their work appears the subtle delineation between society’s fascination with community and self following World War I. In short, Modern poetry indicates the decline of the romantics and the advent of unwilling self-involvement, even narcissism.Essentially, Modernism implies the inauguration of failed human relationships. Each poem relates the inability of the individual to achieve connections beyond the physical. In fact, connection are more imaginative than substantive, sought after than accomplished. Edwin Arlington Robinson’s poem â€Å"Eros Turannos† relates a woman’s love for a figment of her imagination. Th e title translates from Greek as â€Å"Love, the Tyrant† and suggests one of two possibilities: either the woman comes to realize she loves a tyrant and that her love is necessarily false, or she realizes that love is a tyrant, drawing her into an unwilling association.Robinson’s diction suggests such ambiguity, describing to readers, a love made purposely blind. The first stanza of â€Å"Eros Turannos† introduces a woman so fearful of dying an old maid that she convinces herself of bing in love: â€Å"She fear him†¦ will always ask/ what fated her to choose him†¦ all reasons to refuse him;/but what she meets and what she fears/ are less than are the downward years†¦ † (Lines 1- 6). In Arlington’s poem, a connection occurs between two people by reason of fear. Fear that the poem’s heroine will never achieve, at least the appearance of a close, personal relationship.And the relationship described in this poem is an illusion. Ar lington describes his heroine’s self denial or â€Å"blurred sagacity†, her determination to keep her lover from being â€Å"the Judas that she found him (Line 12). Perhaps, the poem’s hero becomes a Judas by reason of failing to meet the heroine’s standards – a Judas because he acknowledges his shortcomings, cognizant the heroine has little choice but to accept him. In any event, she makes do as satisfaction wins over fulfillment of a dream, choosing to view an â€Å"engaging mask† as her â€Å"prejudice delays and fades and she secures him.† Arlington signifies an inherent unnaturalness in choosing to love as opposed to falling in love. In keeping with the decline of the Romantic period’s idealistic fancy, Arlington compares the lack of sentiment with a â€Å"falling leaf†, dying nature or a cessation of the nature tendency towards the creation of life. This fall, really a growing cynicism and human weariness of formi ng attachments to others continues in the poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay. Her poem entitled â€Å"The Spring and the Fall† goes further than Robinson’s â€Å"Eros Turannos† to advance the idea of love as natural and life-affirming.Like Robinson, Millay describes the actual formation of love but one-sided as her heroine entertains the notion of love, holds out for it only to find it as elusive. She falls in love during the spring and by the fall of the year knows it will remain unrequited. To love, Millay seem to indicate, comes naturally as the seasons. Her overall message that similar creatures unable to connect exist outside the natural order. The first line of each stanza in â€Å"The Spring and the Fall† have the sound of forced jauntiness, wearing thin by the poem’s conclusion: In the spring of the year, in the spring of the year†¦In the fall of the year, in the fall of the year†¦ Year be springing, or year be falling†¦ Less and less does the poem’s heroine seek to disclose her feelings, as first her lover â€Å"broke [her] a bough of blossoming peach†¦ and [then] broke [her] heart. † It is worth noting that her heart, as symbolized by â€Å"the blossoming peach†¦ was out of the way and hard to reach†¦ † Millay describes a being isolated from its natural instincts: for humans, a need to make oneself available for connection. There is also a sense that the poems events happen in spite of the heroine not to her.For example, the disconnection from her lover occurs gradually and so completely that she states, as though from the periphery, some place of emotional detachment: â€Å"Tis not love’s going hurts my days, /but that it went in little ways. † Surely, a more profound and true love disappears with one cathartic event or not all. Perhaps Millay describes the love found in Amy Lowell’s â€Å"Patterns† where it is shrouded in sexual feelings and imagination. Lowell’s heroine seeks the distinction of becoming Lady to a Lord Hartwell, a colonel killed in battle. The relationship between the two seems insubstantial, based solely on her passion, her perspective.She consistently refers to her suitor in the future tense: â€Å" he would, till he, we would. † In fact, the very nature of their relationship is one of a pattern rather than an actual series of occurrences. And she seems inordinately objective with her statements of â€Å"I should like to; I would be; I would choose; I shall go; I should see; or I shall walk. † Clearly there are few definitives in her connection to the Colonel and even upon his death she remains unable to connect to others, stating, â€Å"And the softness of my body will be guarded from embrace†¦ For the man who shall loose me is dead† (Lines 103-05).Lowell’s description of this ephemeral love is also quite sexual, the heroine seemingly more desirous of rele ase than possession. Sexual imagery pervades the poem. Her reference to herself as a plate proceeds a description of her dress’ train as â€Å"a pink and silver stain on the gravel. † Following the Romantic tradition of comparing a woman’s chastity to porcelain dishes, she exists in a virginal state and a rather uncomfortable one based on the imagery. Lowell’s heroine is also constantly depicted amidst nature but not part of it, admitting. in a telling statement, that there is â€Å"not a softness anywhere about me†¦For my passion/ wars against [my dresses] stiff brocade†¦ † She goes on to state that â€Å"the daffodils and squills/ Flutter in the breeze as they please†¦ † The implication being that she cannot. And unable to connect with nature, with her sexual feelings she projects them upon images surrounding her. Flowers, indicative of female sexuality, fall upon her chest. She sees â€Å"the plashing of waterdrops in the marble fountain†, which symbolizes the female womb, an image she cultivates for the reader as she imagines a â€Å"woman’s softeness† bathed in the fountains marble basin.A mass of contradictions and ambiguity the heroine is clothed in warm, girlish pink and the uninviting, coldness of silver. The brocade texture of her gown invites the touch of an observer but its thickness repels sensation from the wearer. Lowell clearly captures the modern disinclination to rejoice, as did the Romantics, in a desire to love or feel loved. It is a sentiment echoed in the poetry of Lowell’s fellow Modernist, William Carlos Williams. His poem â€Å"Portrait of a Lady† invokes a strong sexual recognition in the reader of love’s physical expression.Paradoxically, the reader sense the narrator of the poem is left untouched by such feelings. How else could the narrator so capably articulate his feeling without a certain detachment from them? As though mocking the Romantic period, Williams deliberately appeals to certain Rococo aesthetics. And in so doing invokes two very popular painters of the French Rococo period: Watteu and Fragonard. Given that the above painters belonged to a period intent upon heralding the joys of simple pleasure, it seems worth noting that Williams somehow manages to complicate love.He state’s his lady’s thighs touch the sky but will only describe it as that one â€Å"where Watteau hung a lady’s slipper†¦ † Such vivid imagery of the sexual act is lost in the author’s hesitant manner, an ambiguity furthered with question marks and dashes which seemingly connect ideas but actually conveys detachment. He cannot decide if his lady’s â€Å"knees are a southern breeze – or a gust of snow. † In essence his disconnection from her leaves him unable to decide her sexual compliance or resistance. It is a confusion that reappears in his poem â€Å"The Rose. † E ver a symbol of the Romantic period, William considers the rose â€Å"obsolete.† Its soft, velvety texture, from Williams’ Modernist perspective, â€Å"renews itself in metal or porcelain. † He compares the effort love requires to doing geometry and finds it more cutting than a broken plate. If â€Å"the rose carried [the] weight of love† Williams postulate, â€Å"[then] love is at an end†¦ † And when he says â€Å"the fragility of the flower, unbruised penetrates space† Williams elevates love to the level of the sublime. Unlike the Romantics, he seems intent upon proving Modern humans incapable of achieving love, connection, or true transcendence from one’s self-containment.Clearly feelings of isolation and alienation pervade modern life. And if art imitates life then William Carlos Williams, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Amy Lowell accurately recreate that feeling of disconnection in their poetry. Their ability to capture Modern individual’s unwilling self-involvement indicates the decline of Romantic ideals. In short, the concern for betterment of others which fueled the Enlightenment, French and American Revolutions gave way to a self-protective form of narcissism. As a result the poetic form, often associated with protestations of love, came to convey disillusionment with the emotion.

Epulis during Pregnancy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1111 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Nursing is a practise which requires dedication, determination, hardworking and well trained nurses who should be conversant with issues affecting the community. Nursing practise require one to know so many things on the environment and how they affect our health and our wellbeing. As a result many theorist have come up with different theories to explain how various factors are affecting the wellbeing of people. This paper discusess the some those nursing theories. Theorist such as Virginia Henderson have come up to explain theory such as the need theory. Another theory which has contributed mostly to the nursing practise and it still applied till today is the Environmental theory which was proposed by Florence Nightingale. This theory states that nurses should ensure cleanliness,   pure drinking water to patients to avoid patents from getting waterborne diseases, effective drainage system   and finally to ensure that patient are living in a quiet or noise free environment with fresh air. In doing this the nurse are contributing to the wellbeing of a patient and developing their lives, as unsanitary condition possess health issues (Alligood M.R, 2002). This theory will be useful to students who are practising nursing as they will be conversant on what is required of them in this field. Unhygienic conditions really affects many people’s lives by leading to spread of infectious diseases which mostly are contributed to poor environmenta l status. Communicable diseases are mainly caused by unhygienic environment where there is no fresh air or pure clean water to drink, hence these individuals end up getting sick. People should be educated about ways of maintaining a health and clean environment for the benefit of their health (George B. Julia, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Epulis during Pregnancy" essay for you Create order Environmental theory was developed by Florence nightingale in the year 1820-1910. This theory incorporated the restoration of the health status. In this theory she stated that â€Å"nursing is an act of utilizing the environment of a patient in order to assist him or her recover† (Nightingale, 1860). In her theory it stated that external factors surrounding the patient may affect his development, biological and physiological processes. She also introduce some of the environmental factors which may affect a patient life. Pure fresh air, to ensure that patient drink pure water as contaminated water can cause epidemic diseases. Effectiveness of drainage system is another environmental factor that need to be looked at. If the drainage systems are not working well then can cause an eruption of a disease. Cleanliness is another greater part of nursing where the nurses are encourage to keep the environment clean at all time to prevent bleeding of germs which may cause an outbreak of a disease. Finally light is crucial to a patient live and health especially the direct sunlight. Hence any deficiency from any of these factors can affect the health status of a patient. Another point that is emphasized by this theory is the provision of a quiet or noise free and also warm environment to the patients. Furthermore attending to the dietary need of a patient is very important.   This can be done by assessing the time of food intake and evaluating its effects on a patient   (Nightingale, 1860). This theory has been applied by theorist such as Florence and has proven to be effective. This theory was used during the Crimean War when she and her nurses attended to the injured soldiers by taking care of them and attending to their immediate need (Barbara Kozier, 2004 p.g 38). During this time communicable diseases and spread of infection were rampant in the early period. Till today this practise of environmental configuration based on a patient’s health condition is still practised. Nursing theories are very important to nursing students as they can be able to understand what is really required of them. These theories help students understand their career more and understand what can be done at a particular moment in case of an occurrence.   The environmental theory can be applied in many ways in my area of studying as a nurse. I can apply this theory when dealing with patients who are infected with communicable diseases by ensuring that the windows are left open to allow fresh air to enter so as to minimize the spread of this disease. Furthermore I can use this theory so as to prevent infectious diseases from spreading. This can be done by ensuring that the drainage system are properly working, maintaining a clean environment to ensure there is no bleeding place for germs and ensuring that the patients get access to clean and safe water for drinking purposes. When one incorporate all the aspects of the environmental theory he or she can be able to develop wel l and have a good health. Also I will use this theory in my area of practise as a nurse by ensuring that patients who need a noise free environment are given this environment so as to help them recover better and faster without destructions. After 5 years of practising nursing, I see myself opening a health care hospital where I will be giving services to patients at a lower cost, so as to ensure that more people get these services which are crucial to their lives. I also see myself developing programs relating to the health of the community. Such programs include offering education to the community on how to deal with health issues and how to avoid communicable disease and spread on infections. I would mostly major my programs in the remote areas where the cleanliness and hygiene level is low and some of these people are illiterate and the health care where they get treated are far from their homes. Hence offering this services to the community for free will be a great benefit to them and also to my career. In conclusion the environmental theory is very important in nursing practise. This is because it educate the nurses on how to deal with diseases that are mostly caused by negligence and unhygienic conditions. This theory emphasizes more on the environmental aspect to be analysed and to be properly maintained in order to ensure that the health of a patients improves. Factors such as cleanliness, fresh air, pure water and maintaining an effective drainage system are among the factors which are mostly emphasized by the author (Afaf, 2005). As a nurse all this factors should be embraced and practised so as to ensure that we give our patients quality services and maintain their good health. Finally the community should be educated about the needs to keep their environment clean and ensure that their surrounding is hygienic in order to reduce the spread of diseases which are as a result of poor environmental status.